Data Acquisition and 3D Modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Data Acquisition and 3D Modelling - Essay Example The triangulation method is used to infer the surface and their 3D nature in this method. It is known as stereoscopy because it uses two cameras. This is a computationally complex task but now a days it is carried out very successfully with the most modern and sophisticated equipments. This technique is good for apparent physical object reconstruction. The active form of stereoscopic methods use strong source of light to acquire 3D data of a physical object. Laser light source are used typically. It can only be employed for industrial usage with a provision of controlled environment. 3D or three dimensional modeling refers to the making of a real world object by making use of the actual geographical coordinates of the model. 3D modeling usually refers to the execution of 3D computer graphics by using 3D software. This specialized software functions by creating a set of points in 3Dimensional space. These points are connected together by various geometric shapes. These shapes may merely be a line, a dot, a triangle or a curved surface. There are four important methods upon which 3Dimensional models are created. Polygonal modeling. Three Dimensional models are often created as polygonal models that are textured. In Polygonal Modeling a 3D model is created by connected the points in a 3D space with a line segment. These dots or points are generally referred to as vertices when talked about with reference to space. An avid benefit of this modeling technique is that it can be structured and adapted very conveniently by a computer system. This is owing to the fact that Polygonal models are very flexible. A slight disadvantage that is associated with Polygonal modeling is that it cannot be sued to perfectly structure curves. Primitive modeling. By far, the simplest method of modeling a 3D object is 3D Modeling. This method makes use of pre-defined mathematical/geometric shapes such as cylinder, sphere, cube, cone etc. Using these basic geometrical

Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline Essay Example for Free

Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline Essay Although significant oil reserves have been found in the early 1970s, these could not be developed because: 1- Chad is a landlocked country with limited domestic demand; 2- civil war prevented the creation of a stable investment environment and caused the departure of several investors. Since peace was established in 1990, investors and the World Bank returned to Chad for developing its oil reserves. In order to justify the large investment, access to the world market was sought via a pipeline through Cameroon, which is also a relatively poor country that can benefit from the investment and transit revenues. The World Bank has been supporting natural resource extraction based development around the world and, in particular, in Africa as the primary driver for economic growth and poverty reduction in these countries. But, the Bank has also been heavily criticized for failing to achieve these goals as the revenues from resource development do not reach the majority of the society. With the Chad-Cameroon pipeline and oil development in Chad, the Bank and the companies are following a novel partnership and revenue management approach. How is the project financing different? How will this new approach work? Will Chad and Cameroon benefit from this approach? Background1 Upon getting its independence from France in 1960, Chad has been involved in 30 years of civil war. The peace was finally restored in 1990, and the country drifted towards multiparty democracy, until rebellion broke out again in the north of the country. In January 2002 peace treaty was signed confirming de jure reign of northern ethnicity. Chad is one of the least developed nations on earth with GNI per capita of around $200. Republic of Chad is ranked 165th of 175 countries in UN’s Survival Ranking. The agricultural sector accounts for 36% of Chad’s GDP. Cotton exports account for 50% of foreign currency earnings. Chad’s government is concerned about this dependence on cotton and wants to diversify its economy in order to mitigate vulnerability associated with volatility of the international price of cotton. Chad’s only significant natural resources are oil deposits. Being independent since 1960, Cameroon has developed a rather stable political system, based on ethnic oligopoly. Despite of vast natural resource base (including oil, natural gas and aluminum) the country is one of the poorest in the world, with GNI per capita of roughly $600 in 2002. According to World Bank classification Cameroon is an HIPC (heavily indebted poor country) with total debt of $4. 9 billion and outstanding short-term debt over $950 million. Cameroon is in Top-15 countries with highest HIV rate (around 12%) and in Top-30 infant mortality rate. Economic and social development information on this section comes from the World Bank web site, CIA Fact Book, and U. N. Human Development Report. Â © Center for Energy Economics. No reproduction, distribution or attribution without permission. Chad-Cameroon Pipeline 1 1 Case Study From Since 1990, being faced with a fall in GDP due to unfavorable prices on major exported goods; Cameroon has been engaged in several World Bank and IMF programs, aimed at poverty reduction and acceleration of economic growth. As a result annual GDP growth averaged 2. 1% through 1990-2001, compared to 3. 4% in 1980s. Oil Development Conoco became the first foreign oil company to undertake significant oil exploration in Chad with acquisition of the Chad Permit H concession in 1969. Between 1973 and 1975, oil was discovered in varying amounts in the Doba, Doseo, and Lake Chad basins, that led to the creation of a multinational consortium comprising Conoco (12. 5% and operator), Royal Dutch/Shell (37. 5%), Exxon (25%), and Chevron (25%). In 1981 all the exploration projects were stopped due to escalating civil war. In 1988 a convention was signed between the government of Chad and the consortium, granting exploration permit with term of validity until early 2004. Conoco withdrew from the project, and Exxon took over operations, discovering the Bolobo field in 1989 with estimated 135 million barrels of reserves. 3 Chevron, in its turn, sold its share (20% interest in the Block H hydrocarbon license containing the three fields) to Elf Aquitaine, in 1993.

The Black Cat: Deranged Narrator :: essays research papers

The Black Cat: Deranged Narrator Throughout the opening paragraph of "The Black Cat," the reader is introduced to a narrator who, because of his grotesque actions, has become mentally deranged and very untrustworthy, " . . . my very senses reject their own evidence." The narration of this story is in the first person, which would lead you to believe the narrator could be trusted to relate to you the true events of the story, but this is false. The narrator in this story is unreliable due to his horrid state of mind and body. The narrator cannot be relied upon to show the reader the true events of the story, these events have to be interpreted and the reader must come to his own conclusion as to what really happened. The reader is shown in the opening paragraph that he should not trust the narrator to deliver the true events of the story. The narrator admits throughout the story that his bad habits, namely alcoholism, lead to his irrational state of mind. His alcoholism was the root of his downfall. While intoxicated, the narrator mutilated his favourite pet, Pluto, causing the cat to become terrified of his master. The alienation of his cat gave the narrator even more cause to become mentally unstable. The hanging of his cat shows how the narrator has become obsessed with doing evil things for the sake of their evilness. This evilness is linked to his alcoholism. The narrator was most-likely in a drunken state when he hung his cat, which only infuriated his temper. This separation of friends had a huge effect on the narrator's deadly temper. His temper is such that anything that slightly annoyed him caused him to go into fits of rage. The fits of rage which occupy the narrator for much of the story are all linked to his pet cats. He points out that he was an animal lover in his younger days and the feeling was carried through into his maturity. His love for animals ended here. His alcoholism had driven him to avoid his animals or, when he encountered them, to physically harm them for the reason that they were there. The narrator's pet cat's were the exceptions. He held his temper back from his cats because of his love for them. This feeling disappears after time and the cats become the subject of his worst fits of rage. After each violent act upon his cats, the narrator did feel remorse at his actions. This feeling also disappears over time and, as it disappeared, his rage grew. The Black Cat: Deranged Narrator :: essays research papers The Black Cat: Deranged Narrator Throughout the opening paragraph of "The Black Cat," the reader is introduced to a narrator who, because of his grotesque actions, has become mentally deranged and very untrustworthy, " . . . my very senses reject their own evidence." The narration of this story is in the first person, which would lead you to believe the narrator could be trusted to relate to you the true events of the story, but this is false. The narrator in this story is unreliable due to his horrid state of mind and body. The narrator cannot be relied upon to show the reader the true events of the story, these events have to be interpreted and the reader must come to his own conclusion as to what really happened. The reader is shown in the opening paragraph that he should not trust the narrator to deliver the true events of the story. The narrator admits throughout the story that his bad habits, namely alcoholism, lead to his irrational state of mind. His alcoholism was the root of his downfall. While intoxicated, the narrator mutilated his favourite pet, Pluto, causing the cat to become terrified of his master. The alienation of his cat gave the narrator even more cause to become mentally unstable. The hanging of his cat shows how the narrator has become obsessed with doing evil things for the sake of their evilness. This evilness is linked to his alcoholism. The narrator was most-likely in a drunken state when he hung his cat, which only infuriated his temper. This separation of friends had a huge effect on the narrator's deadly temper. His temper is such that anything that slightly annoyed him caused him to go into fits of rage. The fits of rage which occupy the narrator for much of the story are all linked to his pet cats. He points out that he was an animal lover in his younger days and the feeling was carried through into his maturity. His love for animals ended here. His alcoholism had driven him to avoid his animals or, when he encountered them, to physically harm them for the reason that they were there. The narrator's pet cat's were the exceptions. He held his temper back from his cats because of his love for them. This feeling disappears after time and the cats become the subject of his worst fits of rage. After each violent act upon his cats, the narrator did feel remorse at his actions. This feeling also disappears over time and, as it disappeared, his rage grew.

Zerg vs. Protoss :: essays research papers

Zerg V. Protoss   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On planet Char, controlled by the mind controlling warp weapon, the Zergs, a fierce alien race, were at war with the Terren, a human like race. The Zerg were being pushed off their own planet. So Kerrigan, the leader of Zerg, devised a brilliant plan. She was going to genetically engineer a new breed to help destroy the Terren. They would combine part of them and the Terran to create the Protoss, a new alien race. Their plan is a success and their Protoss is powerful enough to push back the Terren. When Terren hears of the new breed, Protoss, they quickly challenges the Zergs to a battle in order to win over the Protoss. During the battle of Gloopinbopper, Zerg pushes on, with the help of the new creation Protoss. After days of battling and heavy losses they easily overruns the Terren and out numbers them ninety-eight thousand seven hundred and thirty four to thirty-seven thousand four hundred and fifty two. The Zerg’s final push to reconquer their home planet and retake the mind controlling warp weapon is once again a success. After the long and strenuous battle the Protoss begin to realize the sheer strength they possess within themselves. They decide that they are tired of being treated as pure slaves and begin to devise a plan to overthrow the Zergs and take over of the mind controlling warp weapon. After months of planning they finally have a devious idea on how to take over. But w hile still in the planning stages the Zerg realizes what they are planning and attack. The Protoss are caught off guard and have no choice but to retreat to the deserted planet of Pigglywigglywump. The Terren hear of what is going on between the Protoss and the Zerg. So they decide to use what little troops they have left to try to take over the weak Zerg and buy the Protoss time. With the time the Protoss gain they build a crystal powered mega bomb that is capable of destroying anything and everything around it, with the exception of the Protoss. In the meantime the Zerg have destroyed the Terran and are planning to continue their attack on the Protoss.

Emancipation of slavery Essay

The writer reflects the emancipation of slavery and how it influenced the American women. For many Americans (the slave owners), it was not possible to think that what will happen if they no longer owe slaves. It was natural for people who were used to the cheap and easy labour found themselves in the middle of nowhere. The demise of slavery gave rise to a new kind of slavery where woman could sell their body. For writer this idea of selling women seems new, but in many tribal societies around the world, women are still sold and bought. The idea of selling body was loathsome in society that was still Victorian in thinking. The moralist advocated ban on streetwalkers and prostitution; while state sought to legalize the body trade, it was this tussle that continued for decades. For many the idea of selling body was a reminiscent of slavery; but even the law itself was dubious about the prostitution. According to the idealist the prostitution stood as a† social system in which all was for sale†. It was this thinking that made prostitution or women at the edge a social issue. For Southerners slavery and marriage was one and the same thing; while for Northerner slavery and prostitution were one and the same thing. The Southerners were used to slavery and bondage, prostitution for them seemed a kind of outlet where they could vent out their frustration along with economic benefits. For Northerners marriage was a sacred idea hijacked by streetwalkers to lure loyal husbands and sons. The Southerners argued that by recruiting black women as slave prostitutes they are limiting the white prostitution again shows double standard. The Northerners argued that prostitution continued because the lusty men of South wanted it. For abolitionists it was unthinkable to mix market economy and family values together in one place. Ironically both of them used prostitution as deformation, but the reality was far different. The author failed to address the core issue of the North and South. The basic reason of differences between the North and South has been economics. In broader sense the North was rapidly modernizing and South felt threatened by it. Being more viable economically means more powerful, the South was still stuck up to agrarian economy. It was under these circumstances in the South slaves were more important compared to North. Being less modern and less developed the slave prostitutes were a source of income for Jones in the South and they could not give it away easily. For North it became ideological because they were already reaping the benefits of industrlized economy. Even in the modern world, prostitution is done by the poorest of the poor in the society. In present day American society, despite all freedom no one considers prostitution a respectable and honourable way of life. In simple words, the women who practice this profession are doing it out of economic necessity. In modern day America, government is willing to accept the porn industry legally regardless of how women are exploited for sake of huge tax that reaches US$50 billion per year. Thus we can say it’s the market economics that is still ruling American society. Reference Stanely, Amy Dru. â€Å"From Bondage to Contract. â€Å"

Emotional Abuse of Children †Childhood Development Essay

Emotional Abuse of Children – Childhood Development Essay Free Online Research Papers Emotional Abuse of Children Childhood Development Essay Emotional abuse differs from the perceptions that many hold of abuse, as the infliction is not physical but rather verbal or psychological damage. Its intangibility and subjectivity to interpretation has problematized its recognition within the public sphere as well difficulty and incongruence in defining emotional abuse as a separate entity from other forms of abuse. This has posed a significant challenge in conducting meaningful research resulting in emotional abuse being â€Å"the least studied of all the forms of child maltreatment and its etiology is less developed† (Tomison and Tucci 1997 p2) While the exact definitional understanding and measurement of emotional abuse are difficult to determine, many of the implications of this form of abuse can be conceptualised based upon many of the experiences of children and its impact and effect can be understood. Emotional abuse may exist independently or in coexistence with other forms of abuse and is â€Å"increasingly considered to be the core issue in all forms of child abuse and neglect† (Tomison and Tucci 1997 p2) along with one of the most prevalent producing amongst the most destructive consequences (Tomison and Tucci 1997). The effects of emotional abuse are understood developmentally by researchers (Gabarino 1978 in Tomison and Tucci 1997) particularly in understanding children. Due to the characterisation of emotional abuse as a pattern of behaviour over a period of time rather than an isolated occurrence, we can see that although emotional abuse may be less easy to define its impact and effect on children’s development and wellbeing is detrimental. Significant to this is also children witnessing domestic violence which is gaining a growing recognition as having an immensely damaging effect on children and is of significant concern as it is the most common reason for a child to be referred to DoCS or other child protection agencies (Irwin, Waugh and Wilkinson 2002) The impact of emotional abuse on children may be particularly difficult for them to define as researchers have often found emotional abuse to be deep rooted and intergenerational within the family structure, often undermining or degrading a child’s development (Tomison and Tucci 1997) The effect of this behaviour can have far reaching short and long term effects and be extensively detrimental. The effect of and an individual’s reaction to emotional abuse will be determined by a multiple factors such as the individual circumstances and experience of abuse. A multitude of damaging effects of emotional abuse of children are evident, impinging on the ability of a child to develop and experience a sense of wellbeing and being loved. Such effects may include low self-esteem and poor self-confidence, feelings of guilt, shame and worthlessness, confusion over the abuse and their sense of identity, high anxiety levels, withdrawal from social interaction, aggression and behavioural difficulties, physical reactions such as illness, interpersonal and communication problems including problems expressing emotion or age inappropriate behaviour (Napcan 2005) The longer-term effects of emotional child abuse may vary taking into account the subjective experience of the individual and variable factors including the nature, duration, severity, perpetrator, family, support and interventions of the abusive behaviour and the construction of this behaviour within the individual experience. Some of these effects may include the inability to form positive relationships with others including the reoccurrence or recreation of abusive relationships as the victim or abuser, drug use, homelessness, limited life skills, mental health issues and self-destructive or suicidal behaviours. (Napcan 2005) Research has also suggested a strong link between child abuse and trauma including post traumatic stress disorder with the victim facing fundamental and multiple issues with the â€Å"defences formed in childhood becoming increasingly maladaptive.† (Herman 1997 p114) Research has also begun to question the role and effect of emotional abuse relative to other forms of abuse. It has been suggested that children who experience emotional abuse are more likely to experience other forms of abuse in conjunction with this (Higgins 2004). This raises the question of if these children comprehend the full impact of emotional abuse within the context of other forms of abuse and the devastating impact of multiple and repetitive abuse in the lives of children. Emotional abuse remains an area within the domestic violence and child abuse spectrum which is relatively under researched and explored with its impacts and effects conceptually less developed and the experiences of its victims often unheard, underrepresented within research and statistics. Unfortunately in many instances children are unsupported or even unaware of the magnitude and wrongful nature of the emotionally abusive actions and behaviours inflicted upon them. Children are particularly vulnerable members of our society, segregated and marginalised, relatively open to discrimination and abuse and often unable to express and represent their rights and best interests. Their developmental stage and limited access to information and resources are often used against them and the power held by adults and family members may be abused without a child fully comprehending why. Children may also be unable to determine what is and what is not appropriate or caring behaviour towards them, particularly in deconstructing the experience of emotional abuse, which may be multifaceted and complex, not always simply categorised by specific actions or behaviour. Younger children may also be less comfortable discussing violence within or outside the family feeling that they are powerless or even at fault. Many of the effects of emotional abuse such as low self esteem, depression, aggression and withdrawal may act as barriers in communicating their abuse or in having their disclosure of an abusive situation taken seriously. This may proliferate the growing distrust a child may feel towards adults and the care giving institution that has failed to support them and fulfil their needs. Children may have been told by their abuser or others that nobody will listen to their allegations of abuse or that worse results will ensue with disclosure. The child may also be attached to their abuser and may not want to be separated from them, rather wishing for the abuse to simply stop. Particularly relevant within emotionally abusive situations is whether a child will recognise the behaviour and actions inflicted upon them as abuse. With definitional problems and contradictions remaining in negotiating the construction of emotional abuse, a child may be unable to locate this behaviour as abusive and may be interpreting it as just having an argumentative, cold, unkind or emotionally unavailable caregiver. Children within emotionally abusive situations face multiple challenges and marginalisation as underrepresented groups in both their experiences as children and as those experiencing emotional abuse. Advocacy and research for children experiencing this abuse is very limited and thus has not yet been thrust into the discourse of the public sphere in the same manner as child sexual and physical abuse. This is problematic as it can lead to the further disengagement and exclusion of this group even within the abuse context and is not conducive to helping children and families understand and prevent emotional abuse. Multiple issues face children in accessing services and assistance with emotional abuse. Children, especially younger children are very dependent upon their parents and caregivers and thus may not be aware of or be capable of accessing services. Younger children may not be cognitively or developmentally able to process and label their experiences of emotional harm or violence as abuse or even conceptually construct an understanding of abuse is. Attachment and dependency also forms a major challenge, as children are unwilling to recognise problems and compromise their relationships with their parents. Children are often confused as they unconditionally love their parents and are perhaps more willing to accumulate personal responsibility and self blame for the events or dismiss them hoping that the abuse will end. This may facilitate patterns of abuse to continue with children remaining unwilling to take action against their parents. If children are willing to seek help they may be unsure of where to turn and daunted by the services available which are often adult centred. A focus within service provision limited to sexual and physical abuse may also be problematic, as the understanding and support networks established rarely cater specifically and do not always cater inclusively for the emotionally abused child, drawing back upon the lack of recognition of the scope and impact of emotional and psychological abuse. Children may also be unable to access assistance due to their close proximity to the abuser if they are a primary caregiver and the risks involved. The child may fear retribution is discovered and may be fearful that their disclosure will not be listened to or believed, potentially proliferating their already volatile situation opening themselves to further harm and abuse. The social construction of the child and family within society are also important to examine in further conceptualising the framework within which the child abuse and maltreatment paradigm exists. The ideology of the family as a private unit with which society has little to no interaction or control over, although somewhat outdated, often resinates within the experience of the emotionally abused child. The movement towards the inclusion of the family within the public sphere and the significance of individual experience to the collective societal functioning in the spirit of C Wright Mill’s sociological imagination has played a major role in the understanding of family violence over recent years. This has promoted an inclusion of family issues into public concern but it still an ongoing issue within abusive situations with family issues and problems hidden within the private dimension. This along side outmoded views of children as resilient and unaffected by the emotional abuse inflicted upon them reiterates that although much progress has been made within child abuse prevention; underpinning ideological standing and outmoded principles are still present within out soci eties construction of childhood and abuse. Policy and programs devised approaching and addressing child abuse and children within family violence situations have undergone a comprehensive reframing over recent decades. A movement departing from reactive and post-abuse intervention to early intervention and educative strategies within a preventative and supportive framework has become increasingly evident (Tomison 2001) Societal reconceptualisations of family violence as a societal issue rather than a private matter are leading towards a more holistic approach with a greater emphasis on contextual understanding of a child within their family and social milieu.(Tomison 2001) Within policy making and the provision of services specifically child centred and catering for emotional abuse it could not be argued that they are excluded; however fail to be given the focus and attention needed to support the victims of this type of abuse Many generalist child protection legislation, frameworks and policies have been implemented which underpin and complement the work of programs and service providers approaching the emotional abuse of children. The United Nations international convention on the rights of the child and the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 provide the framework upon which many policies and practices are developed (Kovacs and Tomison 2003 p517) Policies regarding the mandatory reporting of child abuse and the working with children check have contributed to preventing the emotional abuse of children as well as direct and indirect government support in funding services and programs involved in child protection. The Department of Community Services (DoCS) is a fundamental provider of policy frameworks and services to New South Wales regarding child protection and abuse including the emotional abuse of children. They are involved the planning and implementation of appropriate policy making effecting the provision of child protection services and supported placement services for children. They are also involved in the funding and provision of many services interacting with children who have been emotionally abused at an investigation and intervention level. There are many general child abuse child focused interventions many of which include on some level emotional abuse support but with little services or programs specifically designed with a focus upon the emotional abuse of children. Child personal safety programs are particularly useful in educating children of types and occurrence of abuse working towards locating, preventing and disclosing a wide variety of child abuse and family violence. These programs are very useful in assisting children in understanding emotional abuse when it is included in the program and open up discussion and thought as to what constitutes emotional and other forms of abuse. Programs aimed specifically at children who have been the victims of child abuse are becoming increasingly regular and effective in the support and assistance of children. Within the context of emotional abuse many recent programs have been piloted and implemented with children witnesses and victims of domestic violence aiming to provi de meaningful early intervention, increase children’s self esteem, normalise feelings and discuss responsibility, safety and support. Although these services are often inclusive of children who have been victims of multiple forms of abuse not only emotional abuse, the occurrence and detrimental impact of emotional abuse is included as a significant factor within the program planning and structure. This is particularly relevant to children who are victims of emotional abuse and witnessing domestic violence. Programs such as Kids in Motion and Kids Tome undertaken by LifeCare family and intervention services and the Kids and the Children’s Domestic Violence Support Group run by Parramatta Community Health Centre and Family Court Counselling are examples of this (Australian Domestic Violence Clearinghouse 2005) Family focused interventions may also be undertaken but again are rarely specifically addressing the emotional abuse of children. These may include parental education programs to assist parents in gaining information and skills. These take a strengths based approach in child abuse prevention, working towards supported and appropriate parenting and greater parental awareness and insight into their own behaviour and actions and how this may effect their child. Home visiting services are often also utilised as an early intervention strategy in assisting parent’s access to support and services they may be unaware of or unable to access. This may be beneficial as a prevention of the emotional abuse of children however does not specifically approach this issue. Community focused interventions have played an important role in shaping community beliefs and attitudes regarding children, abuse and domestic violence. Campaigns have been undertaken on domestic violence in the past that have included specific reference to the effect of domestic abuse on children. However current community education campaigns such as the Partnership Against Domestic Violence has focused upon young women and physical violence rather than a more holistic approach looking at other forms of abuse or other victims. The overhaul and development of primary prevention programs and secondary prevention programs to include emotional child abuse and the implications for children within family violence situations is an essential step in facilitating a more informed and aware community. This will assist to empower children to understand various forms of abuse and behaviour that they can recognise as unsafe or abusive. Working from this approach two major concerns can be addressed. Firstly little research has been undertaken of child abuse prevention programs in Australia. (Richardson, Higgins and Bromfield 2005) Within the overhaul and development of new prevention programs, evaluation of existing programs including their content and effectiveness can be undertaken with the findings contributing into the planning and implementation of the most useful and appropriate programs to the needs of children. Secondly, the inclusion of a broad range of experiences of abuse of children and witnessed by children with a greater emphasis on the previously omitted or under explored issues of child emotional abuse and witnessing family violence. This will promote a greater knowledge base on emotional abuse and work towards assisting children suffering from emotional abuse and mistreatment. An approach to educating the whole community as well as at risk groups such as children, parents and families works within a strengths based social and community approach aiming to reaffirm the values and needs of the community and educate all on their rights, responsibilities regarding safety and protection of children. This assists individuals in gaining a further insight of what constitutes abuse and family violence and where they can turn to for help and assistance. This holistic child friendly approach may assist in the creation of â€Å"cohesive communities, high in social capital, facilitating community members working together for their mutual benefit to improve their community.† (Tomison 2005 p1) Working with the community as a whole within this context will enable the much needed focus and exploration of child emotional abuse. This will work towards creating greater safety, education, knowledge and support for children while carefully maintaining a child-focused approach as paramount concern without the exclusion of the community as a whole. Evaluation and research within the Australian context will also prove to be beneficial in ensuring the most relevant and appropriate services can be offered to victims of child abuse. This will also help ensure that prevention programs can be dynamic, relevant and specific catering for the diverse needs and interests within the community raising awareness of issues such and child emotional abuse which is often overlooked or its impact not completely understood. This research and holistic focus may assist in developing a co-ordinated and consistent framework from which to provide relevant and needed information and services on child abuse. The resources can be allocated to areas of need such as child emotional abuse to increase awareness, knowledge and prevention within the community. A greater recognition within the policy and service provision context of the interrelationship between emotional abuse and other forms of child abuse is necessary in attempting to provide an effective and holistic approach to child protection and support of victims of abuse. An initiative to â€Å"move beyond ‘turf boundaries’ between those working separately on the different types of child maltreatment† (Higgins 2004 p54) is very important in recognising the need for policies and services that work inclusively of the child’s entire abuse experience rather than compartmentalise abuse in separate stigmatised categories which may further traumatise or devalue the impact of the abuse upon the child. It is important to be able to provide services that are inclusive of a child’s experience and which are able to support them and assist them. Emotional abuse may be a significant form of abuse in the life of a child suffering also from physical or sexual abu se. A greater co-ordination and inclusiveness of specific and generalised services is needed so that the child seeking help does not feel marginalised or labelled as a victim of one type of abuse only. Ensuring that a plethora of options and assistance for the variety of issues and needs faced by children who have suffered abuse requires greater attention within current service provision. By doing this recognition of the complexity and multifaceted implications of various forms of child abuse is being actively worked towards. Service provision that is client centred and focused rather than based on the abuse suffered is empowering to the child seeking assistance and understanding of each child’s experience. Children’s thoughts, rights and opinions need to be of paramount concern within all levels of policy and program planning and provision as â€Å"the adult centred child protection discourse has conceptualised the child as a ‘becoming’ person and ignored the subjectivities of children as beings† (Mason and Falloon 1999 p9). This is an issue of particular concern in child emotional abuse as it is an area of child maltreatment that is under researched and resourced and within which a top down approach is often utilised failing to take into consideration the diverse experiences and needs of children suffering abuse. Further research and study into child abuse, in particular child emotional abuse and the impact of domestic violence on children will assist in activating the voices of children who have been unheard, unrepresented and in too many instances unsupported. Educating the children and community as a hole is a comprehensive approach to alleviating the imp act of child emotional abuse. This is taking a primary prevention approach to improving the knowledge base and resourcing a community to prevent child abuse before it happens and understand important child protection issues impacting children in every community. Working towards this as well as further assisting children who experience emotional abuse will greatly assist these children and the community in providing the information, resources and support for a significantly detrimental form of child abuse that has often been overlooked. References Australian Domestic Violence Clearinghouse (2005) Good Practice Programs. [online] Australian Domestic Violence Clearinghouse. Available From: austdvclearinghouse.unsw.edu.au/gp_simple.htm Herman, J.L. (1997) Trauma and Recovery. London: Pandora. Higgins, D. (2004) Differentiating Between Child Maltreatment Experiences. Family Matters. 69 (Spring / Summer 2004), 50-55 Irwin, J, Waugh, F, and Wilkinson, M. (2002) Domestic Violence and Child Protection. National Child Protection Clearinghouse Newsletter. 11 (1)Winter 2003 7-9. Kovacs, K; and Tomison, A.M. (2003) An Analysis of current Australian Program Initiatives for Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 38 (4) 513-521 Mason, J; and Falloon, J. (1999) A Children’s Perspective on Child Abuse. Children Australia. 24 (3) 9-13. Napcan (2005) What is Child Abuse? [online] Napcan Foundation Avalaible From: napcan.org.au/what.htm Richardson, N, Higgins, D and Bromfield, L (2005) Making the Right Choices about Child Protection Programs and Services. [online] Australian Institute of Family Studies, National Child Protection Clearinghouse. Available From: aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/papers/mrccpps Rogers State University (2005) C Wright Mills Homepage. [online] Rogers State University Available From: faculty.rsu.edu/~felwell/Theorists/Mills/ Tomison, A. (2005) Child Friendly Communities – Tailoring a ‘Whole of Community’ Message. [online] Napcan National Advisory Council. Available From: napcan.org.au/documents/AdamT2005NTLaunch.pdf Tomison, A.M; and Tucci, J. (1997) Emotional Abuse: The Hidden Form of Maltreatment. [online] Australian Institute of Family Studies, National Child Protection Clearinghouse. Available From: aifs.gov.au/nch/issues8.html Bibliography Hirigoyen, M. (2004) Stalking The Soul – Emotional Abuse and the Erosion of Identity. New York: Helen Marx Books. Jaffe, P.G, Wolfe, D.A, and Wilson, S.K (1990) Children of Battered Women. London: Sage Publications Kids Help Line (2005) Child Abuse 2003 – 2004. [online] Kids Help Line. Available From: kidshelp.com.au/upload/9951.pdf O’Hagan, K (1996) Emotional and Psychological Abuse of Children. Buckingham: Open University Press Women’s Coalition Against Family Violence (1994) Blood on Whose Hands? The Killing of Women and Children in Domestic Homicides. Brunswick: Women’s Coalition Against Family Violence Research Papers on Emotional Abuse of Children - Childhood Development EssayThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Moral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic Engineering

A Scanner Darkly Essays

A Scanner Darkly Essays A Scanner Darkly Essay A Scanner Darkly Essay Ashlyn Phillips Mr. Flanigan/ Dystopian Literature Period 2 December 4, 2012 Who Are You? As young children we begin to develop a personality, one that is based off of the people we are surrounded with. When identifying who we are as people, physical appearance is less important in comparison to our spirits and mindsets. The body serves only as a shuttle for our spirits and minds, without these two assets our bodies would simply only be empty shells. In Philip K. Dick’s A Scanner Darkly, the protagonist, Bob Arctor, has fallen victim to a highly addictive drug called Substance D, which has the side effect of splitting the personality in one’s mind. In dealing with the abuse of this drug, Arctor begins to lose himself and forgets what really makes him who he is. Our souls, character and appearance determine who we are as people, without these three attributes it would be very difficult to differentiate between one human from the next. The brain begins to develop in the first trimester of pregnancy, even as fetuses we are able to think and begin to develop our personalities inside the womb. As we enter the world and begin living, our surrounding environments control the outcomes of our minds, bodies and spirits. If you are born into a wealthy family, it is more than likely that you will live a wealthy lifestyle; if you are born into a poor family, it is more than likely that you will live a poor lifestyle. In society, we are first identified by how much money we have, then by how we look and at last we begin to learn more about each other to identify who our characters are through how we wish to portray ourselves. Our personalities begin to develop when we are first able to open our eyes, smile and really when we begin to communicate with each other. From there we begin to learn what we like to do in life; whether it be dancing, singing, painting, playing sports, etc. These attributes are major when identifying a person. Our spirits begin to develop at an early age and although they can be slightly altered as life goes on, we never really change entirely. One can be judged by their physical appearance and be separated from one person to the next simply based on that, however, if asked who Bob Marley is as a person, the answer would be far more detailed than if only asked what he looks like. Personality and character traits are really the basis of determining who we are as people. If a set of identical twins were put in the same room together and a group of people were asked to differentiate between Sarah and Mary, they would only be able to based on appearance. The more in depth question would be, how can you tell who Sarah is and who Mary is? In answering this question many key attributes are discussed such as, Sarah may be more energetic, loud, creative, talkative, religious and athletic than Mary, allowing for their friends to automatically know who is who when confronted by either twin. Personality always gives the answer. If the personality changes or begins to morph into two different sides, determining who someone is becomes a very difficult task. In A Scanner Darkly, Fred goes undercover as a drug addict in order to solve a major case but in doing so, he himself becomes addicted to the drug and his personality begins to split into two different people, Fred and Bob; Fred being the undercover cop and Bob being the addict. As Fred’s life morphs into Bob’s, he begins to lose himself entirely and the world as he knew it before completely changes into something different than he thought. â€Å"He will sink into a needle-and-a-spoon existence, or bounce off the walls in a psychiatric hospital or, worst of all, a federal clinic†¦And all this will occur deliberately, someone figured out what he was doing and then got him this way. The worst way of all: with the stuff they sell that he was after them for selling. (86) His personality can no longer be analyzed because he thinks as two entirely different people as if he has two separate brains in one head. Clearly this is an issue due to the fact that we are recognized by our personalities. If two personalities are competing against one another inside of one mind, there is no way to really know who that person is. Fred loses himself in Bob’s world and the drug becomes more important than anything else, as it usually does inside the mi nd of a drug addict. Without the soul, the body is like a light bulb without electricity. The soul gives the body meaning and purpose, without it there would only be boys and girls, not unique individuals with their own characteristics. The soul carries along every memory, experience, encounter, and detail of each person in the world. A wise soul will think beyond their years, a young soul will stay a teenager at heart forever and an evil soul will end up in the dark side of life and all of these souls grow through life experiences and will only be influenced by these experiences. The soul in one person does not change entirely through life experiences it can only change slightly by being influenced by those around us. In determining who we are as people, the soul is the key ingredient and it should be the first thing that is analyzed from one human being to the next. More often than not, looks do not matter, it is what lies within ourselves that determines who we are as individuals.

The Triple Threat of Sures

The Triple Threat of Sures The Triple Threat of Sures The Triple Threat of Sures By Maeve Maddox Brad Stolzer wonders about ensure and insure: Am I the only one who struggles with these? Not at all. And while we’re at ensure/insure, let’s throw in assure. All three words are close in origin and meaning. Both assure and ensure came into English in the late 1300s, assure from Old French asseurer, â€Å"to reassure, calm, protect, to render sure, and ensure from Anglo-French enseurer, â€Å"to make sure.† The word insure appeared about 1440 as a variant of ensure. It took on the sense of â€Å"to make safe against loss by payment of premiums† in 1635. Before that, assure had that meaning. In modern usage, insure has won out as the word that has to do with compensation for financial loss. The violinist insured his hands with Lloyd’s. This use of insure applies on both sides of the Atlantic. The confusion that arises with insure vs ensure stems mainly from another definition: â€Å"to make certain that (something) will occur.† For example: We wish to ensure the safety of our passengers. Some speakers of American English would use the spelling â€Å"insure† in this context, but others might, like speakers of British English, write â€Å"ensure.† The AP Stylebook offers these guidelines: Use ensure to mean guarantee: Steps were taken to ensure accuracy. Use insure for references to insurance: The policy insures his life. According to the Chicago Manual of Style, â€Å"we ensure events and insure things. But we assure people that their concerns are being addressed.† Sources: The Associated Press Stylebook The Chicago Manual of Style The Online Etymology Dictionary The Oxford English Dictionary The Penguin Writer’s Manual Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with16 Misquoted QuotationsHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

News and Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

News and Journalism - Essay Example News and Journalism Amidst a whirlpool of contemporary movements like citizen journalism and new grassroots online media initiatives and with the mediascape changing at an incomprehensibly rapid pace, it's no wonder that so many publications are left wondering what the future looks like. Understanding the impact of these shifts and changes, and how an organization can take advantage of them to deliver a certain message and reach out to the audience, will be an important journey. It is not new to say that there is an ethnic bias in the mainstream media in almost all parts of the world and this fact has been proven beyond doubt by innumerable studies. Compounded by protracted ethno-political conflict, exacerbated by ineffective media reforms and coupled with the imperatives of market economics, the mainstream media in continues to perceive ethnicity as immutable and innate thereby neglecting its responsibility to demystify stereotypes and buttress institutions and practices that can ameliorate ethno-political conflict. It is natural for a media to keep its language readership in mind but impartiality and accuracy suffer as a result of this inherent bias. In an ethnically polarized society, ethnic bias in mainstream news media can take multiple forms and these are also reflected in the ownership of media houses. The problem facing journalists all over is how to protect their 'independence' when the world around them asks them to follow strategies and ethics which bind them to a certain ideology and path when no path or method is value neutral. And yet, the imperatives of journalism - accuracy, fairness, impartiality and reliability (Ross,2002) - bolstered by the freedom of expression, speech and information and open government provide the backbone of democratic pluralism. However, the multiplicity of voices in the media should not become a cacophony of half-truths, and must avoid the ills of rabid ethnocentrism and tabloid sensationalism. this could be done by promoting ethnic and gender balance in the newsrooms, regular updating and internal review of editing and style handbooks, in-house workshops and training on conflict sensitive journalism and greater co-operation between personnel and grass-roots level correspondents. Media reform has to have a holistic approach. Inextricably entwined with the impetus for media reform should also be the enabling framework of legislation regarding the right to information, the right to speech and the freedom of expression. A piecemeal approach to media reform, neglecting the wider canvas within which such reform takes place, is short-sighted and will not lead to any noticeable change. There are numerous external factors which influence the nature of the media. The rapid development of telecommunications and media technologies has transformed the very nature of the media by becoming an integral part of all events taking place in space and time. Live coverage in itself is recognized as a new event. Examples of this are the landing of US marines in Somalia and Haiti and the assault on the Beli dom and the Ostankino television station in Moscow. National and state politics have a powerful and crucial influence on the media in non-democratic regimes and unconsolidated democracies. In democratic societies

Solyndra Solar Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Solyndra Solar - Term Paper Example Meanwhile, the program intends to create over 60,000 jobs for the citizens and remains the significant source of jobs for thousands of people. Despite the current bankruptcy, the program is facing, the administration claims that its investment portfolio is still effective and productive. Meanwhile, the Solyndra issues post criticism about the suitability of government in the process of funding technologies and programs. Thus, the paper will evaluate the bankruptcy issues, bailout and analysis of the Solyndra Solar in order to establish its performance in the market. Solyndra Solar Bailout The research indicates that the Solyndra has used a lot of billion dollars ineffectively due to the poor management and $535 million are direct bailout from the United State taxpayers (Cappiello, 2011). The program was handed $535 million dollars as a federal loan guarantee despite its unstable financial footing. Solyndra has applied for the federal trade regulation support in order to assist foot t he bill for the 1,100 employees that it laid off as a result of bankruptcy. Meanwhile, the administration program is supposed to use $1.5 billion to bailout the retraining for employees who had lost their jobs due to the foreign trade like competition from the cheap panels from china. ... The bailout had a lot of risk disclosure, but the company was operating at a high cash burn rate because it could not mange its expenses effectively. Meanwhile, the company had sales of $100 million in 2010 and as a result of high costs and overhead it recorded a loss of $172 million that year (Cappiello, 2011). The company had lost about half a billion dollars for three sears before it comes for the bailout money from the federal programs. The federal government gave the money to the Solyndra without evaluating the financial crisis that was affecting the company. The company was producing tubes at cost of $4 per watt output, but it made losses on them because it was charging $3.24 in the market. Meanwhile, the company spent tens of millions of the bailout money in establishing a 500 million megawatt production capacity given that its production volumes had reduced to 65 megawatts (Cappiello, 2011). The company was expected to use the bailout money to sort the sales problems, but it spent its cash to build costly production firm. Meanwhile, the Kaiser Foundation bailout the Solyndra with a total of $ 75 million that would assist the company’s situation, but the company would be paid before taxpayers get their $535 million back (Cappiello, 2011). The paying the taxpayers should follow the order of creditors due to the bankruptcy proceeding of the company. Meanwhile, the bailout assisted the company because it was almost certain to fail in case it was not bailout because the refinancing plan was rejected by the federal program. Solyndra Solar Bankruptcy The company faced various difficulties that led the company to close operations that will affect the

Designing Compensation Systems and Employee Benefits Assignment

Designing Compensation Systems and Employee Benefits - Assignment Example Job analysis will include determining what physical as well as mental abilities are needed to meet job responsibilities. The analysis will also include how the job will be completed and outline any equipment, material and tools necessary to complete the job. The job description will describe how the particular position fits into the company and works with other jobs in the same department and the chain of command should be well defined. The analysis will include employee policy, compensation, job hazards, expected schedule and any additional terms of employment. Job evaluation is the technique that is used to assign specific jobs to certain pay grades and levels in the company hierarchy. This technique usually ranks jobs in order of technicality or difficulty and responsibility. Job evaluation factors will include skill, effort, responsibility and working conditions (Jenns†¦). Responsibility can include factors such as decision making ability required, financial responsibility, ability to take initiative and act alone, contact with others and latitude in job performance. Effort will outline mental effort, concentration, complexity or difficulty and problem solving ability. ... The Equal Pay Act determined that jobs need to be substantially equal though not identical (The Wage†¦) and that an employer cannot change job titles in order to pay one employee less than the other. Responsibilities are to be outlined which differentiate jobs from each other. It is strictly prohibited to pay one employee less whose position requires the same responsibilities as another position when an employee has equal length of time on the job and is equal in every other aspect. The job evaluation process includes collecting factors about each job that needs evaluation, which can be completed using job analysis surveys, questionnaires, observations, interviews and job descriptions. Once this has been completed jobs are systematically rated according to the specific evaluation factors selected such as by skill, effort, responsibility or working conditions. Points can be assigned for each factor and factors can then be further divided into smaller groups. Job evaluation points can be used to visualize on a graph the relationship between the internal structure of the company and the market. The job description is the basis from which a job evaluation can be performed. External factors that are used in job evaluations include salary information that is gathered and compiled by consulting agencies whose primary function is to provide accurate information for comparison by those in human resources assigning salary and pay grades to job positions. Survey information will consider job match, the size of the company, the job industry, geography and ownership. Internal job factors which are used in job evaluation analyze job documentation to determine the scope and complexity of the position, potential impact the job has on the company and those factors already

Economic Portfolio - Development economics Essay

Economic Portfolio - Development economics - Essay Example rris, director of the Microcredit Summit Campaign, reports in The State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report 2006 that in the autumn of 2006, 3,133 microfinance institutions served 113 million families during the previous year. While that is a laudable accomplishment, more than 500 million families that would almost certainly benefit from microcredit remain impoverished, and at least another 300 million more might benefit from it. According to our best calculations, we estimate that only one out of every eight people who could benefit from microcredit currently has access to it. As a weapon to fight poverty, microcredit is as vital as education, health, human rights, and good government and yet, as Richard Weingarten, executive secretary of the UN Capital Development Fund, says, â€Å"The demand for microfinance services remains largely unmet, especially in Africa.† Less than 1% of World Bank funding goes to microcredit. So, why does microcredit work so well in developing countries? The reason is the economies of developing countries are different from those of developed countries, often operating on a microscale, compared to the economies of the developed world. What may at first appear to tourists as a flea market when visiting a developing country is in fact the community’s version of a mega-mall where all exchanges of goods are in cash. In place of massproduced name-brands, the market sells homegrown produce, household goods in small quantities, such as single bars of soap or a few squares of toilet paper, and clothing – much of it locally produced – plus a limited assortment of small luxuries that only a few shoppers can afford. Many of the vendors work from dawn to dusk for incomes that, without a little credit, often do not meet their families’ basic needs. Every financial transaction has to be completed in cash, there are no banks or alternative sources for loans and no other access to financial services. A savings account is cash under the

Qualitative Assesment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualitative Assesment - Assignment Example Themes represent patterned responses from the data in relation to the research topic and mostly occur severally in the data set (Guest, 2012). This study aims at conducting a thematic analysis of qualitative data from in-depth interviews of passengers view on airport security of an international airline company and presents it for information generation and decision making by the management. All the passengers interviewed believed that the heightened security at the airports have increased delays at the airport. Passengers feel that the heightened measures aimed at augmenting security hamper their plans of boarding planes on time. This is despite three of the passengers blaming it on the security personnel and security measures done by the airports while one passenger blaming the passengers who lack cooperation and understanding of the security system at the airport for the delays experienced at the airports. It is evident that the main concern for all the passengers in relation to security measures at the airport is delays. Four of the five interviewees believe that there is excess security at the airports hindering and hampering the access to personal freedom rights and infringing on the passengers personal space. They feel that there is a need of the security personnel to reduce the chances of search of passengers luggage without permission and if his has to be done to be done in a humanly manner to ensure the passengers understand that the heightened security is for their personal good owing to high security concerns at the airport. Some of them believe that the full body scans could have excess radiation that may have a negative impact o their health raising the feeling of excessive security at airports. Three of the five passengers interviewed feel that there is an increase in the safety of the passengers due to the heightened security

Economic Portfolio - Development economics Essay

Economic Portfolio - Development economics - Essay Example rris, director of the Microcredit Summit Campaign, reports in The State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report 2006 that in the autumn of 2006, 3,133 microfinance institutions served 113 million families during the previous year. While that is a laudable accomplishment, more than 500 million families that would almost certainly benefit from microcredit remain impoverished, and at least another 300 million more might benefit from it. According to our best calculations, we estimate that only one out of every eight people who could benefit from microcredit currently has access to it. As a weapon to fight poverty, microcredit is as vital as education, health, human rights, and good government and yet, as Richard Weingarten, executive secretary of the UN Capital Development Fund, says, â€Å"The demand for microfinance services remains largely unmet, especially in Africa.† Less than 1% of World Bank funding goes to microcredit. So, why does microcredit work so well in developing countries? The reason is the economies of developing countries are different from those of developed countries, often operating on a microscale, compared to the economies of the developed world. What may at first appear to tourists as a flea market when visiting a developing country is in fact the community’s version of a mega-mall where all exchanges of goods are in cash. In place of massproduced name-brands, the market sells homegrown produce, household goods in small quantities, such as single bars of soap or a few squares of toilet paper, and clothing – much of it locally produced – plus a limited assortment of small luxuries that only a few shoppers can afford. Many of the vendors work from dawn to dusk for incomes that, without a little credit, often do not meet their families’ basic needs. Every financial transaction has to be completed in cash, there are no banks or alternative sources for loans and no other access to financial services. A savings account is cash under the

Ethical theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical theories - Essay Example In this regard, practitioners are not supposed to give up on a patient unless all the treatment fails. There arises a dilemma on what to do when the patient is not responding to treatment. The ethical dilemma arises on whether to terminate treatment or allow the patient to suffer under futile treatment. Relegating treatment may be a sign of condemning the patient to death while treatment might be painful and of no importance. Thus, the most appropriate decision should be made. Bioethics principles can be used to chart a way forward in case of a futile treatment dilemma. The principles include autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The autonomy principle states that conscious patients have a choice to decide termination or continuity of futile treatment. The beneficence principle asserts that medical practitioners must do anything possible to alienate suffering from the patient. The non-maleficence principle explains that nurses should check all procedures to ensure that patients do not suffer from intentional errors and omissions. The justice principle asserts that patients have equal rights to benefit from treatment; new or current. From the principles, the medical practitioners can choose a course of action depending on the

Essay for the Sandpiper Essay Example for Free

Essay for the Sandpiper Essay Tragedy, in multiple views leads to grief, misery and may even cause emotional desensitization. However this solely depends on the cause of such tragedy. A simple tragedy exists as a result of the irony of combining diverse religion and cultures and is especially expressed in the story â€Å"Sandpiper†. Here author Ahdaf Soueif expresses cultural differences through the breaking relationship of a European writer and her Egyptian husband. Acquiescent undermine passivity Being the protagonist, the narrator becomes the view point character in the story and this is where audience criticisms take place. From the beginning she seems to display a sort of weakness and compliance towards events; watching the waves swoop back into the sea; conforming to her lack of work and loss of identity ; â€Å"watching (her husband) vanish†, and watching her daughter â€Å"grow away† from herself. The sand image, as the story opens portrays her compliance-The way she did not wish to obstruct nature`s pattern of â€Å"one grain of sand† because of her movement. Later as Um Sabir (her â€Å"husband`s old nanny†) prevents her from doing any work, her feminine independence also appears to be deplored yet she simply accepts this fact and though seeming solemn, does not take any action. The reader soon becomes critical about such fragility. Notice how the writer mentions -â€Å"watch† her husband vanish. Due to her foreignness, she seemed to slowly fade away from her and her husband`s relationship and displays severe grief. However it appears indeed so absurd for the re ader, because this narrator does not develop any sort of resistance to her dilemma. Furthermore her despondency grows gradually, and it seems that her daughter is being torn away from her the same way as with her husband. She simply pines her heart and the narrator grows a sort of dissent for the protagonist. Sandpiper a coastal bird which cannot fly too high nor too far from the coastal region (due to its habitat and feeding habits) is a perfect name for this story it seems. The way the protagonist’s life appears limited and restricted is definitely the main cause. However the reader may wonder why the narrator does not rebel to this lifestyle. There may be numerous causes. Firstly notice the narrators patience as she sits by the beach observing the water`s â€Å"frilled white edge nibbling at the sand†. As she displays no qualms to her situations (for example being deprived of work as previously mentioned) it seems she still retains hope- of a happy lifestyle. This e xaggerated patience she conforms, may perhaps be one of the reason she does not rebel. Another may be simply her love of and to sustain the happiness of her daughter. These causes all sum to the habitat and ability of a â€Å"Sandpiper†, its only restrictions. Therefore it seems that the protagonist subsists in a self imposed jail, like a sandpiper and indeed does not soar beyond the beach which could momentarily give access to another sort of freedom, mentally, from her own conscience. However if we pay attention to the situation the author rejects such criticisms-instead condemning the readers as absurd. Certainly following different cultures is not the protagonists fault. The consistent confusion and grief of the narrator’s situation is perhaps the cause of her helplessness. This way the author deems the protagonist as universal for humans; which either are NOT exceptions, to displaying similar responses, in such emotionally grim situations and though her image is portrayed as weak it is not held true to how we asses her. In some way the writer creates ambivalent views one portraying the theme of ‘fate’ and the other ‘free will’. A customary feature, to be noticed in this story is the authors unvarying image of the beach. Obviously this picture signifies the present and therefore, perhaps, alludes to the narrators ‘drifting’ thoughts. It also seems, the descriptions of the sand and the sea reflect her emotions. As the story opens, observe the serene albeit somewhat somber, descriptions (of the beach), in the past participle: â€Å"I used to see patterns†¦I did not want †¦. I used to sit†. Definitely the narrator is affectionately looking back at nostalgia, yet with regret. Her emotions drift in melancholy as a compliant stream of conscience guides her and suddenly we imagine a somber weak character, in passivity to not stir a single â€Å"grain of sand† from its ‘natural’ pattern. This is where the readers display an interest to this character`s matters. Slowly her emotions begin to frill as the descriptions become gradually violent –â€Å"the sea unceasingly shifts†¦surges forward with a low growl†¦ like thousand snakes† .By now the reader is absorbed into the persona`s feelings. The usage of the personal pronoun â€Å"I† becomes highly universal to the reader and definitely induces sympathy. Finally, as she â€Å"revert(s) to (the) dry grains that would easily brush away† the emotions are returned to the previous serenity however now there seems to be a hint of pain, a hint of helplessness. This way the writer skillfully attains the reader`s attention to the story, and somewhat forth shadows incidents in the story, pertaining to the emotions. Hereby the atmosphere seems so somber, so calm; slowly the reader drifts in with the thoughts of the writer. What the reader may also take notice, with hindsight, is that perhaps Soueif uses this initial beach image as an extended metaphor for the life of the narrator; as in the beginning her life was filled with bliss (in love with her husband), which suddenly changed to desperation and somewhat anger (as he slowly â€Å"slip away† from her) and finally grief (of the freedom she lost). Proactive pragmatic The next imagery of the beach occurs after she mentions the second summer at the â€Å"beach house west of Alexandria†. Here the narrator utilizes the sand and the sea as symbols for her husband and herself, the way these two entities seemed to â€Å"meet and flirt and touch† and establishes the theme of love . However, reading between the lines, perhaps the writer forth shadows a sort of obscurity in the relationship. Notice how the sand and the sea simply â€Å"meet† metaphorically indicating love; although away from this â€Å"edge† such love does not seem to prevail as the sea and the sand form a tight boundary. Also the sea consistently â€Å"drifts† and the sand itself shifts, especially with the pressure of the waves: perhaps the author accentuates fluid emotions which flow and â€Å"shift† with due time and therefore depicts this couple to slowly â€Å"drift† apart from each other. This way another theme, of relativity of time and emotion is established here. The ending of the story also prevails with this beach image. It seems the narrator is back to the present and this picture plays the greatest significance as she sees â€Å"different things from those 6 years ago†. Now she appears calmer yet more melancholic. The reader can effective ly perceive such emotion; especially in the lines â€Å"the last of the foam is swallowed bubbling into the sand† and â€Å"with each ebb of green water the sand looses part of itself to the sea†. This definitely feels somber; as if love is being persistently broken down by the force of nature. Realistically, it seems such force subsists as cultural pressure. Where the couple belonging to 2 different cultures altogether formed such a relationship, the narrators â€Å"foreignness†¦began to irritate him (her husband)†. Cultural pressure and foreign tensions arise as a conflict due to the ignorance of each other`s culture and perhaps a development in this slowly weakened their relationships. Not only does the husband feel irate yet this deplored the protagonist`s freedom- â€Å"I tried at first at least to help, but she would†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ease the duster or the vacuum cleaner from my hand†. Coming back to the coastal descriptions, note how the author mentions â€Å"the†¦foam is swallowed bubbling into the sand† and how these two bodies meet but never ‘mix’. Probably the author, here portrays the theme of immiscibility. As sea and sand are immiscible it appears the foreignness and its resultant family tensions never intended a strong relationship; the love of both the narrator and her husband was immiscible, which would interact, yet as easily drift away. Perhaps this way the author undermines the system of religion. Indeed such a trivial matter, as exemplified is the commencement of weak relations and eventually such tragedies; for certainly, every being strays ethnocentric and this simple arrogance leads to major conflicts. This is later supported as the narrator finally questions-â€Å"But what do the waves know of the massed, hot, still sands of the desert? And what does the beach know of the depths, the cold currents†¦where the water turns a deeper blue.† .Duplicity is heavily prevalent due to ignorance of other religion, and like the sand and the sea it extends massively. What the writer Ahdaf Soueif is attempting to accentuate is that this concept of worldly cultures actually constructs a sort of mistrust amongst others and its great irony is exhibited in the form of this story Another image which we can relate to this theme is the difficulty, even dislike the wife shows towards adapting to a different culture. During the second summer at the beach house the narrator mentions her nostalgia of her hometown (Europe as Georgian sq uare is mentioned) and â€Å"misses† her time spent there. The moment this is mentioned suspicion rises in the readers mind; of her happiness following the new culture. She does display a sort of irritation as she is not allowed to work at home. Finally (later) she appears to complain- â€Å"my foreignness†¦my inability to remember namestruggles with his (her husband’s) language†, etc. Definitely the author is attempting to depict another cultural pressure here; despite the passage of time, evidently she depicts, that the wife has problems shifting to the new culture. Ironically, though, this foreignness actually appealed her husband yet now repelled him. LorDhRUv

The Journey From Education To Unemployment

The Journey From Education To Unemployment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The jobs-skills mismatch in the country has been in existence since 1965. It was observed by experts following an imbalance of manpower training and manpower need (Bernardino, 1965, pp 3-4) and a great number of unemployed with college degrees (Limcaco, 1965, p. 8). It was reiterated in the 1970 report of the PresidentiaCommission to Survey Philippine Education (PCSPE) that found a mismatch between students college courses and the training required by the world of work (Santamaria, 1979). The prevalent mismatch between the educational system and the employment sector is a continuing concern in the country. The conduct of the National Manpower Summit and National Human Resource Conference in 2006 and 2007 respectively, which were spearheaded by DOLE and attended by various stakeholders, identified the gaps between supply of the labor workforce and market demand. These yielded several recommendations. Through personal interviews with the top management of various stakeholders such as DOLE, ECOP, TESDA, PMAP and other companies and employers, the team was able to gather comparative data to reinforce the presence of the mismatch. The facts are supported by figures in the websites. The study recognizes that the aggregate supply of graduates is greater than the market demand thereby resulting to unemployment or underemployment. This is where the mismatch occurs. The study identified three levels of mismatch: 1) on the number of graduates vs. the number of jobs available; 2) on the quality of graduates vs. industry expectations; and 3) on the skills acquired vs. skills required. The jobs-skills mismatch is greatly influenced by the macro environmental factors, namely; social, political, economic and technological. Included among the Social factors are high population growth and an increasing incidence of poverty. This high population growth cancels out the effect of economic growth particularly the creation of jobs to absorb the excess labor supply. As regards political factors, there is no central organization that brings all the stakeholders (Employers, Employees, Sector groups, NGOs etc.) under one umbrella to make sure that all the stakeholders work together. Also, there is a lack of government program to inform the potential workforce on the requirements of the market (i.e. what courses to take, what skills are needed, etc.). On economic factors, higher levels of sustained economic growth is needed to reduce the unemployment and underemployment rate. And finally, technological factors, educational institutions should acquire modern advanced technology t o match the requirements of the rapidly changing and the emerging industries. This paper proposes short and long term possible solutions to address the mismatch. Some of these recommendations are the conduct of National conference involving employer groups such as ECOP and PCCI as well as captains of industries to draw up one united and uniform comprehensive plan; creation of Human Resource Development; Partnership between education institutions and industries; and creation of National Curriculum Research Institute that will constantly study and review current curricula, develop and recommend revisions among others. In the evaluation of the education institutions and the industries, there is a significant mismatch between what the institutions produce and what the market demands. The jobs-skills mismatch is a major contributing factor in the unemployment rate in the country. Hence, addressing mismatch could remarkably decrease unemployment rate. More active participation and stricter intervention of the government is needed to address the mismatch problem in the country. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study seeks to: Examine the system of supply and demand of the labor workforce in the country; Identify the causes and effects of the jobs-skills mismatch; and Come up with recommendations in filing the gap between the supply and demand. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The scope of this study is limited to the mismatch in the Philippines job market. It focuses on the mismatch between the number of graduates in each course and the number of vacancies in each industry in the country. For the purpose of this study, let us clearly define that the skill acquired is the vocational course or college while the skill required is the job vacancy. METHODOLOGY The sources of information of the study are composed of two methods the primary and the secondary method. For the primary method, the team conducted interviews with the different key personalities of various stakeholders, i.e. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), the Employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP) and Peoples Marketing Association of the Philippines (PMAP). The team used the same set of questions to test if the interviews will yield similar findings. For the secondary method, the team used company manuals, statistics and data gathered from the internet and other studies previously conducted by different individuals and groups on jobs-skills mismatch. DETAILED REPORT INTRODUCTION The jobs-skills mismatch in the country has been in existence since 1965. It was observed by experts following an imbalance of manpower training and manpower need (Bernardino, 1965, pp 3-4) and a great number of unemployed with college degrees (Limcaco, 1965, p. 8). It was reiterated in the 1970 report of the PresidentiaCommission to Survey Philippine Education (PCSPE) that found a mismatch between students college courses and the training required by the world of work (Santamaria, 1979). The conduct of the National Manpower Summit in 2006 and 2007 initiated by DOLE identified the gaps and made several recommendations. Government restructuring or the creation of a single government agency to address employment concerns is one of the common solutions recommended by various employment stakeholders. It is supported by the study of TESDA in their papers Skills development and recognition in Asia and the Pacific. An HRD Central Agency will be established to develop policies and programs for the establishment of a strong HRD sector in the government. According to the paper of Andrew Gonzales entitled Higher Education, Brain Drain and Overseas employment in the Philippines-Toward a differetiated set of solution, the Philippine case of mismatch between the manpower needs of the country and the output of the higher education system is an example of interlocking conflicts. Data show concrete indication of the gap between our educational system and the employment sectors. In 2010 alone, only 82% of the new graduates are new hires, 18.5% of the college graduates are among the unemployed and as of 2010, the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) identified 54, 417 job vacancies. One of the notable causes of mismatch is the lack of infomration by families and individuals in the labor market requirements. Because of this, institutions may have provided the graduates the skills that are not necessarily required by the market. MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS EMPLOYERS CONFEDERATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (ECOP) The Employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP) is the single voice for the entire business community in the country on important national issues related to employment, industrial relations, labor issues and related social policies. ECOP was born on September 10, 1975. Before ECOP, the business sector and employers in the country were represented by two major business organizations, namely: the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines (CCP); and the Philippine Chamber of Industries (PCI). The creation of ECOP made tripartism a reality, with the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) representing a labor sector, and the Department of Labor and Employment and the other agencies as the state instrumentality. On May 1, 1978, the government through Presidential Letter of Instruction (LOI) 688 recognized ECOP as the single voice of employers, to be consulted by the government, together with labor, in the promulgation of a scheme which would promote and sustain an adequacy machinery for cooperation between labor and management at approapriate levels of the enterprise. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT (DOLE) The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) started as a small bureau in 1908. It became a department on December 8, 1933 with the passage of Act 4121. The DOLE is the national government agency mandated to formulate and implement policies and programs, and serve as the policy-advisory arm of the Executive Branch in the field of labor and employment. It consists of the Office of the Secretary, 7 bureaus, 6 services, 16 regional offices, 12 attached agencies and 38 overseas offices with a full manpower complement of 9,806. It operates on a current budget of Php 6.618 B and ranks 14th out of 21 departments. The vision and mission are consistent with the Platform and Policy Pronouncements on Labor and Employment of President Benigno S. Aquino IIIs administration, herein referred to as the 22-Point Labor and Employment Agenda, the DOLE is the lead agency mandated to develop the competencies and competitiveness of Filipino workers, to deliver employment facilitation services for full and decent employment, and to promote industrial peace based on social justice. It serves more than 38.51 million workers comprising the countrys labor force , including the 3.62 million temporary migrants working in about 215 destinations worldwide . The DOLE clients include trade unions, workers organizations and employers and/or employers groups (i.e., ECOP, chambers of commerce and industries, TUCP, FFW, etc). There are 123 existing Tripartite Industrial Peace Councils or TIPCs (13 regional, 44 provincial, and 66 city/municipal) and 128 existing Industry Tripartite Councils (46 regional, 48 provincial and 34 city/municipal) serving as mechanisms for social dialogue in addressing labor and employment issues. The DOLE also maintains linkages with non-government organizations (NGOs), government agencies, the academe, partner international organizations (e.g., ILO, IOM, IMO, UNDP, UNICEF), and with the international community, particularly the host countries where our OFWs are based. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (DepEd) Education in the Philippines has undergone several stages of development from the pre-Spanish times to the present. In meeting the needs of the society, education serves as focus of emphases/priorities of the leadership at certain periods/epochs in our national struggle as a race. The DepEd was transformed from the former Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) to the Department of Education (DepEd) and redefining the role of field offices (regional offices, division offices, district offices and schools). RA 9155 provides the overall framework for (i) school head empowerment by strengthening their leadership roles and (ii) school-based management within the context of transparency and local accountability. The goal of basic education is to provide the school age population and young adults with skills, knowledge, and values to become caring, self-reliant, productive and patriotic citizens. COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION (CHED) The CHED was created on May 18, 1994 as an attached agency to the Office of the President for administrative purposes. The creation of CHED was part of a broad agenda of reforms on the countrys education system outlined by the Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) in 1992. Part of the reforms was the trifocalization of the education sector into three governing bodies. The CHED for tertiary and graduate education, the DepEd for basic education and the TESDA for technical-vocational and middle level education. TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (TESDA) The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) was established through the enactment of Republic Act No. 7796 otherwise known as the Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994, which was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on August 25, 1994. This Act aims to encourage the full participation of and mobilize the industry, labor, local government units and technical-vocational institutions in the skills development of the countrys human resources. The merging of the National Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC) of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). The Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education (BTVE) of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), and The Apprenticeship Program of the Bureau of Local Employment (BLE) of the DOLE gave birth to TESDA. The fusion of the above offices was one of the key recommendations of the 1991 Report of the Congressional Commission on Education, which undertook a national review of the state of Philippine education and manpower development. It was meant to reduce overlapping in skills development activities initiated by various public and private sector agencies, and to provide national directions for the countrys technical-vocational education and training (TVET) system. Hence, a major thrust of TESDA is the formulation of a comprehensive development plan for middle-level manpower based on the National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan. This plan shall provide for a reformed industry-based training program that includes apprenticeship, dual training system and other similar schemes. TESDA is mandated to: Integrate, coordinate and monitor skills development programs; Restructure efforts to promote and develop middle-level manpower; Approve skills standards and tests; Develop an accreditation system for institutions involved in middle-level manpower development; Fund programs and projects for technical education and skills development; and Assist trainers training programs. At the same time, TESDA is expected to: Devolve training functions to local governments; Reform the apprenticeship program; Involve industry/employers in skills training; Formulate a skills development plan; Develop and administer training incentives; Organize skills competitions; and Manage skills development funds. Overall, TESDA formulates manpower and skills plans, sets appropriate skills standards and tests, coordinates and monitors manpower policies and programs, and provides policy directions and guidelines for resource allocation for the TVET institutions in both the private and public sectors. Today, TESDA has evolved into an organization that is responsive, effective and efficient in delivering myriad services to its clients. To accomplish its multi-pronged mission, the TESDA Board has been formulating strategies and programs geared towards yielding the highest impact on manpower development in various areas, industry sectors and institutions. PEOPLE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (PMAP) PMAP is strictly profesional, non-stock, not for profit organization of over 1,800 member companies and individual management executives engaged or interested in Human Resource Management and IR works. UNIVERSAL ACCESS OF COMPETITIVENESS AND TRADE (UACT) U-ACT is a private sector-led, non-stock, non-profit, advocacy and research think-tank, affiliated with the PCCI primarily focused on issues relating to trade policy making, trade negotiations and agreements, economic, sectoral and human resource competitiveness. U-ACT is the driver of private sector in the conduct of trade policy and economic competitiveness activities by, analyzing trade policies and agreements, championing institutional reforms, and developing strategic interventions for economic, industry, and economic reforms and adjustment measures. Through established linkages with industry, government and the academe, U-ACT is able to provide the policy and operational support to bring forth measures that enhances the competitiveness of local production networks resulting to economic reforms that will enable global market access of Philippine goods and services. It also provides the structure to develop information and monitoring systems and capacity-building for trade negotiations, making private sector a better-informed group and take advantage of opportunities from trade liberalization. U-ACT is an independent think tank providing proactive, credible, balanced economic and trade competitiveness advocacy, research and training services to Philippine private sector. PHILIPPINE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIES (PCCI) The Chamber movement in the Philippines has been in a constant state of evolution for over a century. One can say that the eminent position now being enjoyed by the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI) in the business community traces its raison d etre from a history interwoven into our nations own history of economic, political and social upheavals. The roots of the Chamber Movement can be traced to the 1890s with the formation of the Camara de Comercio de Filipinas. This organization was composed mainly of Spanish companies such as the Compania General de Tobacco de Filipinas, the Fabrica de Cervesa San Miguel and Elizalde Y Cia, among others. This was followed by the creation of the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines (CCP) in 1903, shortly after the countrys turnover to the United States. The rise of industries in the 1950s created the need for several industry groups to organize an association that would represent their interests and concerns amid the changing panorama of the economy. Thus, the Philippine Chamber of Industry (PCI) was formed. In July 1978, the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines (CCP) and the Philippine Chamber of Industry (PCI) merged to give birth to a single, unified private sector organization called the PHILIPPINE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (PCCI). That same year, by virtue of Letter of Instruction no. 780, then President Ferdinand E. Marcos recognized the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry as the sole official representative and voice of the entire private business community. MACRO ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS Social Factors attributing to mismatch High population growth and increasing incidence of poverty are some of the main factors for the mismatch in job market. The problem is aggravated when the rate of economic growth is less than the rate of population growth. High population growth led to repeated pregnancy which lowers the women participation in labor force. Higher number of children in a family with low-income level makes it difficult for the family to send all the children for higher education. Less dense populated provinces dont have good schools which results in less skilled workforce. Political Factors attributing to mismatch There is no central organization which brings all the stakeholders (Employers, Employees, Sector groups, NGOs etc.) under one umbrella and makes sure that all the stakeholders work together, are heard and have ownership. Also, there is a lack of government program to inform the potential workforce on the requirements of the market (i.e. what courses to take, what skills are needed, etc.) Labor code and existing work-related laws have not been reassessed and reviewed to adapt to the changing times. Government spending on Education is increasing (Annexure-Chart1) but major portion (approx 89%) of that goes to the maintenance of DepEd, wages etc. There is only small portion left for the improvement of infrastructure of existing schools or opening new schools. Economic Factors attributing to mismatch According to ECOP, the reduction of chronic unemployment and under- employment is not possible without higher levels of sustained growth. For families with low-income it is very difficult to send their children to attend costly courses. Further, low income individuals consider the duration of course as a major factor in the decision making as he cant afford to spend couple of years without any income. To ensure quality of learning, the quality of teaching must be met. Due to low salary, teachers of high quality choose to work abroad for higher salary. With low-quality of teachers one cannot produce quality workforce with proper skill set. Chronic unemployment and jobless growth also add to the problem of mismatch. Source: ECOP Problem of shrinking/stagnant formal sector and expanding informal sector must be addressed in order to tackle the mismatch problem. Source: ECOP Technological Factors attributing to mismatch In a fast changing world where technology and required skill-sets are changing very rapidly, it is very difficult for the schools and training institutes to match the requirement of the employers because they do not possess the modern advanced technology and the cost to invest in new technology infrastructure. Also sometimes the improvement in technology or processes in an organization led to reduction in the workforce. SUPPLY The Educational Institutes: To effectively fulfill the current and future needs of the economy, human resources must be competitive and must possess updated skills. Qualified skilled human resources must be available at the right place, at right time and at the right quantity and quality to meet the changing demands of the economy. Major Supply issues in Philippines are: Jobsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ skills mismatch English, Communication and Information Technology (IT) Skills Gap Brain drain Over supply of Nurses Supply of Skilled Workers Supply of Professionals Deparment of labour and empolyment had publised below Statistics vide its publication Labour Market monitor: For period 3rd Quarter of 2010, the cumulative total of professionals registered with the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) stood at 3,090,120. The top professions consisted of the following: By specific occupation, the top ten occupations in terms of the average number of registered applicants consisted of the following, accounting for more than three fourths (38.7%) of the total registrants during the reference period: DEMAND The Employers: Major Demand issues are: Retaining the best talents Medical tourism to generate employment for nurses Positioning The Philippines as a Creative Hub As shown in the table below are the average numbers of occupational vacancy available with the percentage share: The GAP between Demand and Supply: According to DOLE, the following are the in demand and hard to fill occupations in key employment generators from 2010 to 2015: INDUSTRY IN-DEMAND HARD-TO-FILL 1. AGRIBUSINESS Animal Husbandry, Agriculture, Economist, Aqua-culturist, coconut farmer, entomologist (plant), farmer (fruit, vegetable and root crops Feed Processor and Food Technician, Fishery technologist 2. CYBER SERVICES 3. HEALTH AND WELLNESS Nurse, Horologist, Optician, Optometrist Doctor, Physical Therapist, Pharmacist, Medical Technologist, Laboratory Technician 4. HOTEL AND RESTAURANT TOURISM Front Office Agent / Attendant, Baker /Food server /Waiter/Other House keeping Cook 5. MINING Geologist, Mining Engineer, Geodetic Engineer, Metallurgical Engineer 6. CONSTRUCTION Fabricator/Pipe Fitter/Welder Engineer (Civil, Electrical, Design) 7. BANKING AND FINANCE Operations Manager/Teller Accounting Clerks, Book Keepers, Auditors 8. MANUFACTURING Electrical, Technicians, Food technologist, Machine Operators, Sewers Chemist, Electrical engineer, Industrial engineer, IT specialist, machinist, Mechanical engineers, Mechanical Technicians, Chemical engineer 9. OWNERSHIP DWELLINGS AND REAL STATE Building Manager, Construction Manager, Construction worker, foreman, Mason, welder, real estate agents/brokers, Marketer Civil engineer, Mechanical engineer, Surveyor, Architect 10. TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS Checker, Maintenance mechanics, Stewards Gantry operator, Ground engineer, Heavy equipment operator, Long haul driver, operator, Pilot, Transport and Logistics Machinery, operator, aircraft mechanic and other related skills. Broadly, the DOLE survey defined hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fill occupations as job vacancies for which an establishment has encountered difficulties in managing the recruitment process. Reasons may include no applicants, applicants lack of experience, skill or license, preference for working abroad, seeking higher salary or problem with location and other reasons. The inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations refer to active occupations/job vacancies posted/advertised recurrently by and across industries/establishments. DEMAND versus SUPPLY: 1. Agriculture and Fishery Sector Inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations with limited supply of certified workers are horticulturists and fisherman. 2. Cyber services Shortages of supply are seen in animators (clean up artists, 3D animators, multimedia artist among others) .This scenario on animators is attributed to the continuous flight of workers to overseas (Singapore, Australia, US etc.) 3. Health and Wellness Nurses are shifting careers to become call centers agents because of the difficulty in finding jobs abroad, particularly in the United States, which has recently imposed visa restrictions. The United States will be more open to nurses because of its new law on expanded insurance coverage, which will drive the health care industry to create job opportunities for health workers like nurses. 4. Mining The mining industry is currently showing potential for job opportunities. This sector requires intervention, particularly in the academic and technical areas. This is evident as hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fill occupations for the sector is mostly professional. These include geologist, mining engineer, geodetic engineer, and metallurgical engineer. 5. Construction The sectors inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations include fabricator, pipe fitter and welder. These welders are Shielded Metal Arc Welder (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welder (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welder/TIG Welder (GTAW). However, very limited supply is seen in Submerged Arc Welder (SAW), Gas Oxyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Acetylene Welder, and Flux Cored Arc Welder. 6. Banking and Finance Under the sector of Health, Social and other Community Services is Banking and Finance. This sector listed inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand and hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fill occupations from the professional group. Among the inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations are operations manager and tellers which are graduates of Banking and Finance or Business Management courses. Hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fill occupations include accounting clerks, bookkeepers, cashier, auditor, accountant, credit card analyst, finance analyst/specialist and risk management officer/manager. 7. Manufacturing The manufacturing sector includes critical skills such as machine operators, lathe operators, bench workers/fitters, technicians, machinists, sewers, and tailors among others. Machine Operator (Press worker) also an inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupation has no available manpower supply. 8. Dwellings and Real Estate The sector identified building manager, construction manager, construction worker, foreman, mason, welder and real estate agents/broker as inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations. Professional occupations such as civil engineer, mechanical engineer, surveyor and architect are among the hardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ to fill occupations for the sector. 9. Transport and Logistics The transport and logistics sectors which cut across construction and mining industries identified checker, maintenance mechanics and stewardess as inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ demand occupations. Maintenance mechanics with occupational title such as automotive senior technician, automotive air-conditioning technician, automotive electrician, and automotive LPGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fuel technician among others have very limited supply of 21 certified workers. 10. Wholesale and Retail Trade The wholesale and retail trade industry continues to thrive in the country as general economic outlook improves and consumer spending rises. As more wholesale and retail enterprises are established, more job opportunities are provided. Problem arising due to mismatch Skill mismatch makes labor market inefficient and imperfect. Job hiring and seeking become expensive. Many vacancies and job openings remain opened. This results in increased unemployment and also hampers the growth of business and the economy of the country. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONS In the evaluation of the education institutions and the industries, there is a significant mismatch between what the institutions produce and what the market demands. The jobs-skills mismatch is a major contributing factor in the unemployment rate in the country. Hence, addressing mismatch could remarkably decrease unemployment rate. One of the causes of the mismatch is the lack of coordination between educational institutions and industry leaders. As a result, institutions produce more graduates that are not needed in the market. The setting up of a department that would link the education institutions to the industry could be a big step in addressing the mismatch. However, mismatch does not only happen when the labor workforce acquire skills that are not required by the market. Mismatch also occurs in the quality of skills that the graduates acquired vis a vis the demand of the industries. Graduates dont usually possess other skills that industries require interpersonal, communication, and leadership. More active participation and stricter intervention of the government is needed to address the mismatch problem in the country. The intention is simply to make the equation EDUCATION = EMPLOYMENT works. RECOMMENDATIONS After a careful review and analysis of available data, the team came up with the following recommendations: Short Term: In the short term, separate existing initiatives done in the area of addressing the mismatch by public as well as private entities can be consolidated with government taking the lead by way of bringing together various agencies like the Department of Education (DEPED), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), the Department of Labor in Industry (DOLE), the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) to spearhead a national conference involving employer groups such as ECOP and PCCI as well as captains of industries to draw up one united and uniform comprehensive plan. Long term: 1) A Department of Human Resource Development shall be established. This department will ensure linkage between the education and labor sectors. It shall formulate, among others, an employment plan which will serve as a guide for the education sector on what skills to produce to match the skills required by the industries. 2) Establishment of a central accreditation or re